Effective Speed: Can Cost Effective Transportation Be Sustainable (Reducing Emissions and External Costs)?

Given the need to reduce fuel emissions from transport many research studies have been devoted development of technologies and identification new policies tackle this problem. The majority these strategies either increase costs (e.g., technology), are more time-consuming (i.e., choosing a sustainable mode transport), or encourage consumers forgo travel plans flights holiday destinations). Implementing any changes is challenging for society where cost, quality time key motivators. paper differs previous research, given that focus not slow down global warming, through technologies, inconveniences lifestyle. Instead, improve sustainability using current technology without increasing cost factor. By concept effective speed, estimates possible reduction in emissions, external land use if people can be persuaded choose most cost-effective transport. speed calculated by dividing distance travelled spent travelling work earning money pay commute). This case study uses data survey residents New York City (NYC) incorporates supporting about commuting patterns Germany. If their NYC, it emission reductions up 14.7%, 11.6% time–area requirements 16.5%. results highlight do always spend on activity way. Indeed, encouraging with faster may even effects some.